Gayana. Bot�nica

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FRAGILARIA CAPUCINA DESM. VAR MESOGONGYLA FRENGUELLI, A DIATOM DISTRIBUTED IN NORTHERN ZONE OF LOS ANDES MOUNTAINS (CHILE), WITH COMMENTS ON THE VARIABILITY OF THE NUMBER OF LABIATE PROCESSES IN SOME ARAPHID GENERA

La diatomeaFragilaria capucina var. mesogongyla, descrita originalmente por Frenguelli desde Calama, Chile (22�28' S, 68�56'W), fue encontrada en una muestra recolectada en el r�o Lauca, a gran altitud en el norte de Chile (18�30'S, 69�16'W). Por primera vez este tax�n se estudia mediante t�cnicas de microscop�a electr�nica (SEM). Siendo muy raro para el g�nero Fragilaria, esta variedad presenta un proceso labiado en cada polo valvar (dos por valva). Se entrega una diagnosis corregida, y fotograf�as ilustran las principales caracter�sticas morfol�gicas del tax�n.

The diatom Fragilaria capucina var. mesogongyla, originally described by Frenguelli from Calama, Chile (22�28'S, 68�56' W), was found in a sample collected in the Lauca River, at high altitude in northern Chile's (18�30'S,69�16' W). For the first time, the taxon is studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Unusual for the genus Fragilaria, this variety exhibits one labiate process on each valve pole (two per valve). An amended diagnosis is given, and photographs illustrate the principal morphological features of this taxon.

ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROCOTYLE CRYPTOCARPA SPEG. IN SOUTH AMERICA

Hydrocotyle cryptocarpa ha sido descubierto recientemente en diferentes localidades de Chile. Se expone brevemente el actual conocimiento sobre su distribuci�n geogr�fica, ciclo de vida y autoecolog�a. H. cryptocarpa posee inflorescencias unifloras y frutos monospermos y geocarpos, dichas caracter�sticas la ubican en una posici�n aislada dentro del g�nero Hydrocotyle. Esta especie es anual y crece en ambientes acu�ticos temporales. Adaptaciones especiales a este tipo de habitat son una forma de vida tenag�fita (germinaci�n bajo el agua, floraci�n y fructificaci�n durante la ecofase terrestre) y representativa de un "amphibious fluctuation responder" (hojas largamente pecioladas durante la ecofase acu�tica, hojas de pec�olos breves en la ecofase terrestre). Su distribuci�n es disyunta, con poblaciones halladas en Chile central (desde la Regi�n de Coquimbo a la de La Araucan�a) y otras halladas en torno al l�mite entre Uruguay y Argentina.

Hydrocotyle cryptocarpa has recently been discovered from different localities in Chile. Our current knowledge about its total distribution, life cycle and ecology are summarized. H. cryptocarpa is monanthous, monospermous and geocarpous. With these characters, it has an isolated position within the genus Hydrocotyle. The species is annual and occurs in seasonal wetlands. Special adaptations to this habitat are the life cycle as a tenagophyte (germination under water, flowering and fruiting after desiccation of the pool) and as an amphibious fluctuation responder (long-stalked leaves in the aquatic ecophase, short-stalked leaves in the terrestrial ecophase). The distribution is highly disjunct, with populations recorded from central Chile (Region of Coquimbo to de La Araucan�a), Uruguay and eastern Argentina.

TOXICITY OF PAULLINIA CLAVIGERA SCHLTDL. (SAPINDACEAE) AND CHONDRODENDRON TOMENTOSUM RUIZ ET PAV. (MENISPERMACEAE) ON JUMPING LICE OF CAMU CAMU TUTHILLIA COGNATA (HEMIPTERA: PSYLLIDAE)

Se determin� el efecto t�xico de dos extractos hidroalcoh�licos procedentes de dos plantas amaz�nicas de importancia etnobot�nica, Paullinia clavigera Schltdl. "sachayoco" (Sapindaceae) y Chondrodendron tomentosum Ruiz et Pav "curare" (Menispermaceae), ambas en desarrollo vegetativo, sobre ninfas del III estadio de Tuthillia cognata Hodkinson, Brown & Burckhardt, 1986 "piojo saltador del camu camu" (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Las ninfas de T. cognata se colectaron en plantaciones del caser�o San Juan en el distrito de Yarinacocha, Ucayali, Per�. Los bioensayos se realizaron empleando un Dise�o de Bloque Completo al Azar (DBCA): 6x4. Los extractos se maceraron durante siete d�as a una proporci�n 1:10 (p/v) con posterior evaporaci�n del solvente en rotavapor. El efecto t�xico se evalu� a 1, 4, 8, 12 y 24 h sobre T. cognata. En sachayoco se obtuvo una CL50_24h de 2.530 mg de extracto L"� y en curare una CL50_24h de 4.090 mg de extracto L"� sobre T. cognata. Auna concentraci�n de 10.000 mg de extracto L"�, se determin� el TL50 del sachayoco y del curare a las 10,38 y 15,01 h, respectivamente. El an�lisis fitoqu�mico revel� saponinas, fenoles, flavonoides, quinonas y cumarinas en el extracto de sachayoco, as� como alcaloides y saponinas en el extracto de curare. La toxicidad en t�rminos de la CL50 dependi� del tipo de extracto empleado.

Toxic effects of two hidro-alcoholical extracts belonging to two Amazonian plants of ethnobotanical importance, soapberry Paullinia clavigera Schltdl. (Sapindaceae) and curare Chondrodendron tomentosum Ruiz et Pav. (Menispermaceae), both in vegetative growing, on III nymph instars of jumping lice of camu camu Tuthillia cognata Hodkinson, Brown & Burckhardt, 1986 (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) were determined. Collection of nymphs of T. cognata was performed on plantations of San Juan small town, Yarinacocha district, Ucayali, Peru. Bioassays were done employing a randomized completely block design (RCBD): 6x4. Maceration of extracts were performed during seven days at a proportion 1:10 (w/v) with a posterior solvent evaporation in a rotavapor. Toxic effect on T. cognata was evaluated at 1,4, 8,12 and 24 h. In soapberry LC50 24h was 2,530 mg extract L"� and in curare LC50 24h was 4,090 mg extract L"� on T. cognata. At a concentration of 10,000 mg extract L4,LT50 of soapberry and curare were 10.38 and 15.01 h, respectively. Phytochemical analysis showed saponins, phenols, flavonoids, qui�ones and cumarins in soapberry extract, and alkaloids and saponins in curare extract. Toxicity in LC50 terms depended of the extract type employed.

COMMENTED CHECKLIST OF VASCULAR PLANTS OF NEVADOS DE CHILLAN, CHILE

Los Nevados de Chillan han sido hist�ricamente un punto casi obligado de visita y de estudio para muchos bot�nicos, ya que su flora nativa es extremadamente interesante por su origen subtropical, por su alto nivel de endemismo y por su car�cter altoandino. En la actualidad se observa un alto grado de perturbaci�n antr�pica debido a la presi�n ejercida en varios sectores por la actividad inmobiliaria y tur�stica, principalmente. En esta cordillera se encuentran dos �reas silvestres protegidas, la Reserva Nacional Nuble y la Reserva Nacional Los Huemules de Niblinto. La flora de plantas vasculares de los Nevados de Chillan est� representada por 616 especies, de las cuales 422 son nativas, 128 son end�micas de Chile y 66 son introducidas. La familia mejor representada es Asteraceae con 116 especies. Entre las especies caracter�sticas de esta zona destacan: Boopis gram�nea, Bipinnulavolkmannii, Calceolaria volckmannii, Caltha sagittata, Chillaniapusilla, Orites myrtoidea, Pilostyles berteroi, Prumnopitys andina, Puya alpestris, Senecio chillanensis, entre otras.

The Nevados of Chillan have historically been an almost obligatory point of visit and study for many botanists since their native flora is extremely interesting, due to its subtropical origin, its high level of endemism and its high-Andean character. At present, there is a high degree of disruption due to anthropogenic pressure in various sectors because of property business and tourism in particular. In this mountains are two protected wildlife areas, the National Reserve Nuble and the National Reserve Los Huemules de Niblinto. The vascular flora of the Nevados of Chillan is represented by 616 species, of which 422 are native, 128 are endemic to Chile and 66 are introduced. The Asteraceae family is the best represented with 116 species. Among the most characteristic species of this area are: Boopis gram�nea, Bipinnula volkmannii, Calceolaria volckmannii, Caltha sagittata, Chillania pusilla, Orites myrtoidea, Pilostyles berteroi, Prumnopitys andina, Puya alpestris, Senecio chillanensis, among others.

NEW RECORDS AND ANTECEDENTS OF THE CACTACEAE FAMILY TO CHILE IN AISEN REGION

Se citan por primera vez como elementos de la flora vascular de Chile a las cact�ceas, Maihuenia patag�nica (Phil.) Britton & Rose y Pterocactus australis (FA.C.Weber) Backeb. Adem�s se entregan nuevos antecedentes sobre distribuci�n y ecolog�a de otras tres especies de Cactaceae presentes en la Regi�n de Ais�n. Todas ellas han sido registradas para Chile exclusivamente para la regi�n, en la ribera sur del lago General Carrera. Se detallan descripciones, distribuciones, flora y vegetaci�n asociada, aspectos ecol�gicos y se propone una clasificaci�n de sus estados de conservaci�n en Chile.

Maihuenia patag�nica (Phil.) Britton & Rose ana Pterocactus australis (F.A.C.Weber) Backeb. are pointed for the first time in to the Chilean vascular flora. Furthermore, it is given new information about the distribution and ecology of other three species of Cactaceae located at Aisen Region. All species were registered in Chile only on the southern edge of the General Carrera Lake, in the region. There is included for each species a detailed description, their distribution, flora and associated vegetation, ecological aspects and it is proposed a classification about their conservation status in Chile.

A VEGETATION MAP OF NEVADOS DE CHILLAN VOLCANIC COMPLEX, BIO-BIO REGION, CHILE

A vegetation survey of the AndeanNevados de Chillan volcanic complex, Bio-Bio Region, Chile, resulted in the preparation of a colour vegetation map, based on photo-interpretation of an aerial photograph of 1998. Classification followed a divisive method and combined physiognomic, floristic, and pedologic criteria. It resulted in eleven distinguishable vegetation units: (1) Nothofagus dombeyi forest, (2) N. pumilio forest, (3) Nothofagus mixed forest, (4) N. pumilio krummholz, (5) N. ant�rctica krummholz, assemblages of (6)Adesmia emarginata-Pozoa cori�cea, (l)Adesmia emarginata-Berberis empetrifolia, (K) Adesmia emarginata-Loasa lateritia, (9) Chusquea culeou-Cokones, and (10) Caltha sagittata-Mimulus luteus, and the (11) Nassauvia revoluta-Poa obvallata assemblage which builds the upper vegetational belt. The study area's vegetation, located in the Mediterranean-temperate transition zone, shows a higher floristic affinity to temperate regions' vegetation.

El objetivo del trabajo fue la preparaci�n de un mapa de vegetaci�n del complejo volc�nico andino Nevados de Chillan, Provincia del Nuble, Regi�n del B�o-B�o, Chile. La clasificaci�n de la vegetaci�n, que se basa principalmente en la fotointerpretaci�n de una imagen a�rea de 1998, sigue criterios fison�micos, flor�sticos y pedol�gicos. Las once unidades vegetacionales son: bosque de (1) Nothofagus dombeyi y de (2) N pumilio, (3) bosque mixto de Nothofagus, matorral achaparrado de (4) N pumilio y de (5) N ant�rctica, los matorrales bajos andinos de (6) Adesmia emarginata-Pozoa cori�cea, (l)Adesmia emarginata-Berberis empetrifolia, (8) Adesmia emarginata-Loasa lateritia y (9) Chusquea culeou-Coirones, la unidad (10) Caltha sagittata-Mimulus luteus de tipo vega y la unidad (11) Nassauvia revoluta-Poa obvallata que forma el piso vegetational superior. La vegetaci�n del �rea de estudio, situado en la transici�n biogeogr�fica mediterr�nea-templada muestra mayores afinidades flor�sticas a la zona templada.

**PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG CHILEAN SPECIES OF DRIMYS (WTNTERACEAE) BASED ON ITS SEQUENCES AND INSERTION/DELETION EVENTS**

Phylogenetic relationships among Chilean species of Drimys as well asD. granadensis from Central America andD. angustifolia from Brazil were reconstructed using internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and a parsimony analysis. Our results at the family level were congruent with previous phylogenetic hypotheses. Molecular data indicate that the Juan Fernandez Island endemic D. confertifolia diverged early in the evolution of the genus, and it is not closely related to the continental species D. winteri, as might be expected on the basis of morphology and biogeography. The ITS phytogeny also provides general support for a recent distribution of species on the western side of the Andes Mountains; the only exception is D. andina, which may represent an early divergence that occurred just before the Quaternary. The only species examined from east of the Andes, D. angustifolia, also represents an early divergence in the genus, which is in agreement with the ancient pollen record in Argentinean Patagonia and the lack of Tertiary records in Chile.

Se reconstruyeron relaciones filogen�ticas de las especies chilenas de Drimys, que incluy� a D. granadensis de Am�rica Central y D. angustifolia de Brasil, donde se uso la regi�n del espaciador transcrito interno (ITS) del ADN ribosomal nuclear y sus eventos de inserci�n/deleci�n (indels) a trav�s de un an�lisis de parsimonia. Nuestros resultados a nivel de familia fueron congruentes con previas hip�tesis filogen�ticas propuestas. Los datos moleculares indican queD. confertifolia, end�mica del Archipi�lago de Juan Fern�ndez, divergi� temprano en la evoluci�n del g�nero, y que no est� cercanamente emparentada a las especies continentales de D. winteri, como se podr�a esperar sobre la base de la morfolog�a y la biogeograf�a. Los datos moleculares tambi�n apoyan una distribuci�n reciente en el lado oeste de la Cordillera de los Andes, la �nica excepci�n es D. andina la cual puede representar una divergencia temprana que ocurri� justo antes del Cuaternario. La �nica especie estudiada del lado este de la Cordillera de los Andes, D. angustifolia, tambi�n representa una divergencia temprana en el g�nero, hip�tesis que concuerda con el antiguo registro palinol�gico del Terciario en la Patagonia argentina y la falta de estos en Chile.

OBSERVATIONS ABOUT FLORA AND VEGETATION OF TWO PEATBOGS IN AISEN REGION, CHILEAN PATAGONIA

We report results of flora and vegetation in two of Sphagnum peatbogs in the Ais�n Region.

THE KARYOTYPE OF BOMAREA PATINII BAKER SUBSP. PATINII (ALSTROEMERIACEAE)

The karyotype o� Bomarea patinii Baker subsp. patinii from Colombia was examined. The species has a karyotype 2n = 2x= 18, with a haploid formula 2m + lsm+ 5st+ lt-sat. The reported karyotype is asymmetric (Asl %= 75.51). The most of the chromosomes are acrocentric. This results are compared with other species oiBomarea from South America.

THE KARYOTYPE OF CHAETANTHERA INCANA POEPP. EX LESS. (ASTERACEAE)

The karyotype o� Chaetanthera incana Poepp. ex Less, from Chile was examined. This species belong to the subgenus Chaetanthera. The species has 2n = 2x = 22 chromosomes, with 10m + Ism chromosomes. The reported karyotype is symmetric (Asi % = 56.0). These results were compared with Ch. chilensis and Ch. ciliata.

VALIDATION OF ALSTROEMERIA CITRINA PHIL. (ALSTROEMERIACEAE)

The collection o� Alstroemeria citrina Phil, in the mountains of Alicahue, located in the province of Petorca, Region of Valparaiso (November 2002), and north of Pedernales in the south of the Province of Choapa, Region of Coquimbo (November 2007), is described. The last location corresponds to the site where it was first described by Philippi in 1865. This plant had never been collected since.