|
MANUSCRIPT ORGANIZATION
RESEARCH ARTICLES
Significant contribution to the advancement of scientific
knowledge, following standard experimental designs, statistical analysis,
and discussion of results supported by an up-to-date literature review,
it should include the following sections:
1.- |
Title. Title.
Title should not exceed 18 words. It should identify the subject,
study objectives or major findings. Use the common name of crops,
pests, and diseases, except where names are internationally unknown.
Avoid abbreviations. |
|
|
2.- |
Author(s). Author(s). Include
name and last name of every author, affiliation as a footnote,
indicating institution, faculty or experimental center, postal
and e-mail address of the “Corresponding author” identified
by an asterisk. Every co-author must approve the final version. |
|
|
| 3.- |
Abstract. The most widely-read section of
an article. Maximum length: 250 words. It includes values and
quantities, and not only describes results. Clearly states:
the importance of the research subject, objectives, treatments,
results expressed in numbers and statistical significance, and
conclusions. All abbreviations are defined at first mention,
although they are explained in the text; use common name of
crops, diseases, pests, etc., but at the first mention, add
the scientific names with authorship. Do not cite figures, tables,
and references; and avoid equations.
Keywords: used to build databases and content indexes; do not
repeat title words.
|
|
|
4.- |
Resumen. It should be the
exact Spanish translation of the Abstract and keywords, and vice
versa; with no more than 250 words. |
|
|
5.- |
Introduction. Emphasizes
the importance of the research, places it in a context, presents
related literature, and gives enough information to understand
the authors’ hypothesis. It ends with a paragraph stating
the objectives of the research. An extensive analysis of relevant
literature should be included in Results and Discussion, not in
the Introduction. |
|
|
6.- |
Materials and Methods. There
should be sufficient information to allow other researchers to
repeat the experiment by clearly defining the experimental design.
A clear description or a specific reference to all biological,
analytical, and statistical procedures is required. All procedure
modifications must be explained. Field experiments that are sensitive
to interactions and where the crop environment cannot be rigorously
controlled, such as crop production and yield component assays,
should usually be repeated for time and/or space, in order to
ensure representative results. |
|
|
7.- |
Results and Discussion.
Results and analyses should be clear and concise, supported by
tables and figures, statistical analyses, and reports from other
researchers. Results should be analyzed in the text without repeating
table or figure values. Data should be presented, including some
variation indexes, allowing the reader to interpret experimental
results. The terms “significant” and “highly
significant” are reserved for P ? 0.05 and P ? 0.01, which
can be indicated as * or ** respectively in tables or figures.
Do not indicate more than two decimal places.
The Discussion should clearly and precisely interpret results
supported by statistical analyses, in terms of biological mechanisms,
integrating them with those of other researchers, providing a
broad base for the reader to accept or reject the tested hypothesis.
|
|
|
8.- |
Conclusions. In accordance
with research objectives, the conclusions should clearly state
the main experimental results without using abbreviations, acronyms,
or references. If the results have no implications, this fact
should be mentioned. |
|
|
9.- |
Acknowledgements. This section
appears before Literature Cited and allows thanking institutions,
organizations, laboratories, and persons that have contributed
to all or part of the research. |
|
|
10.- |
Literature Cited. Single
references are shown as name-year in the text, and chronologically
for various references. When there are three or more authors,
cite the main author followed by the expression “et al.”
If there is more than one reference from the same author(s) in
the same year, they should be differentiated by adding a letter
(a, b, c, d, etc.) to the year in both text and Literature Cited. |
|
|
11.- |
Tables. Tables should be
self-explanatory without having to refer back to the text. The
title must be brief and illustrative. Tables are numbered in sequence
as they are mentioned in the text, and must be included at the
end of the manuscript after the Acknowledgements. A footnote to
the table should explain every abbreviation used, even if it was
defined in the text or Abstract. Two decimals are generally used.
If there is no data for an individual entry, insert a hyphen or
an abbreviation, define it or explain it in a footnote (NS: non
significant), using uppercase for the abbreviation and lowercase
for the definition.
The style for tables and figures should be uniform, especially
for units, dates, and abbreviations. Footnotes are specified with
superscript numbers, the preferred order is 1) title, 2) column
heading, 3) row heading, and 4) table body.
|
|
|
12.- |
Figures. Graphs, photographs,
diagrams, drawings, and maps, should illustrate important data,
not found in the text or tables, and numbered in the order they
are cited. Titles must be brief, clear, and self-explanatory.
JPG with 300 dpi must be used for figures and in black and white,
avoid using color or gray tones. Use different lines or fillings
in bar graphs and very well differentiated lines for curves. Color
photographs must be paid for the author(s). The figures must be
included at the end of the manuscript after the Acknowledgements.
These instructions are based on the Publication Handbook &
Style Manual (2006), published by the American Society of Agronomy,
Crop Science Society of America and the Soil Science Society of
America (ASA, CSSA and SSSA) (http://www.asa-cssa-sssa.org/publications/style/);
as well as instructions from the Journal of Animal Science Style
and Form (reviewed 2006).
|
|
|
REVIEW
This section includes papers developing a relevant topic, strongly supported
by relevant and updated bibliography. They are reviewed according to the
same norms as research articles.
SCIENTIFIC NOTE
These are brief presentations on various subjects, such as new cultivar
reports, current research, species determination, method descriptions,
etc. Title, footnotes, tables, and figures are presented according to
the same norms as research article.
BOOK REVIEW
Brief summary of the contents of recent scientific books. Indicate name,
institution, and postal address of the author of the review.
LITERATURE CITED
One indicator of research quality is cited literature and current
references must not exceed 10 years from publication. Authors must correctly
note full references verifying that all text references are included in
Literature Cited and vice versa. References are cited in the language
of the original publication, listed alphabetically, and presented according
to these instructions.
Literature Cited mainly includes papers recently published in prestigious
mainstream scientific journals. It can include, but restrictively books
about classic methods, postgraduate theses, and proceedings of congresses
or scientific events available in the bibliographic research system. Restricted
circulation publications cannot be cited and should be avoided, but if
necessary, must be cited in the text as “personal communication”.
It is not recommended to cite magazines in a scientific paper.
. List references alphabetically. For the first author, cite last name
and initial of given name, and for co-authors, initial of given name followed
by the last name, separating authors with a comma. Pay attention to the
use of commas and periods.
Page numbers should always be included when you cite some part of a publication.
For journal and periodical publications use volume and pages; whereas
for books, bulletins, or proceedings, write “p.” and then
the page numbers.
Cite scientific journal papers by including: author(s), year, full title
of article, abbreviated journal title, volume, and pages. Do not put a
comma after the full or abbreviated journal name. Any abbreviated word
is followed by a period. Only the first word and proper names in the article
title use uppercase. Abbreviated titles must be those accepted by the
journal cited, e.g., Chilean J. Agric. Res. 60:243-249. Manuscripts accepted
for publication but still not published can be included in Literature
Cited indicating “In press” after journal title. Cite only
accepted articles.
In books cited, include author(s) or editor(s), year, title, translator
if any, page numbers, edition number (except the first), publisher, institution,
or organization, city, state, and country. For book chapters include:
author(s), year, chapter title, pages, after the Latin word In indicate
book author(s) or editor(s), full title of book, edition number (except
the first), publisher, city, state, and country.
Proceedings such as congresses, symposia, workshops, etc., are cited as
follows: author(s), year, title of article or chapter, pages, after the
Latin word “In”, editor(s), event or name of publication,
city, state, and country, date of the event, and publisher, city, state,
and country.
Theses should be cited as follows: author, year, title, page numbers,
degree, university, faculty, city, state, and country.
Electronic references should contain the same elements
as printed publications, plus the uniform resource locator (URL) address,
preceded by “Available at” or “Disponible en”,
and the date preceded by “Accessed” or “Leído”,
according to the language of the quotation. Journals published electronically
are cited in the same way as printed versions, with volume and pages,
but also including the URL and the date it was accessed or read.
EXAMPLES OF REFERENCES
Journal papers
Serna, L., and F. Cuesta. 2008. Use of laccase-producing microorganisms
in membrane systems for polluting agents removal: consideration and perspectives.
Chilean J. Agric. Res. 68:401-411.
Aguilera, S.M., G. Borie, M. Mora, P. Peirano, and H.
Zunino. 2002. Balance and distribution of sulphur in volcanic ash-derived
soils in Chile. Soil Biol. Biochem 34:1355-1362.
Brown, L., D. Scholefield, E.C. Jewkes, N. Preedy, K.
Wadge, and M.R. Butler. 2000. The effect of sulphur application on the
efficiency of nitrogen use in two contrasting grassland soils. J. Agric.
Sci. (Cambridge) 135:131-138.
Bulletins, special publications
CIREN. 2003. Descripciones de suelos, materiales y símbolos. Estudio
agrológico X Región, Tomo II. Publicación Nº
123. 412 p. Centro de Información de Recursos Naturales (CIREN),
Santiago, Chile.
Soil Survey Staff. 1994. Keys to soil taxonomy. Agric.
Handb. 436. 306 p. 6th ed. United States Department of Agriculture, Soil
Conservation Service, Washington, D.C., USA.
Books
Haney, H.L., Jr., W.L. Hoover, W.C. Siegel, and J.L. Greene. 2001. Forest
landowners guide to the federal income tax. Agric. Handb. 718. 157 p.
US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, USA.
SAS Institute. 1992. STAT Guide for personal computers.
704 p. 8th ed. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA.
Chapter in a book
Johnson, D.W., and D.E. Todd. 1998. Effects of harvesting intensity on
forest productivity and soil carbon storage. p. 351-363. In R.
Lal et al. (eds.) Management of carbon sequestration in soils.
Advances in Soil Science. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
Chapter in a proceedings volume
Reginato, G., C. Córdova, e I. Giavelli. 2005 Diagnóstico
del problema de replantación en duraznero y manzano, mediante ensayos
en maceta. p. 41. In 56º Congreso Agronómico de Chile-6º
Congreso de la Sociedad Chilena de Fruticultura-2º Congreso de la
Sociedad Chilena de Horticultura, Chillán. 11-14 de octubre de
2005. Sociedad Agronómica de Chile, Chillán, Chile.
Tobar, S.P., P.E. Vélez, y E.C. Montoya. 1996.
Selección de aislamientos patogénicos de Beauveria bassiana
y Metarhizium anisopliae por resistencia a la luz ultravioleta. p.
76. Congreso de la Sociedad Colombiana de Entomología (SOCOLEN),
Cartagena, Colombia. 17-19 de julio de 1996. SOCOLEN, Cartagena, Colombia.
Thesis
Serri, H. 2003. Eficiencia de uso del nitrógeno por fertirriego
en arándano empleando la técnica de dilución isotópica
con 15N. Tesis Mg. Sc. Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Agronomía,
Chillán, Chile.
Electronic references
Edward, A.Y., M.A. Ewing, and C.K. Revell. 2001. Fate of serradela, medic
and biserrula seeds in pods ingested by sheep. Aust. Agron. Conference-Papers.
Available at http://me.csv.edu.au/agronomy/papers
(Accessed 0ctober 2003).
ODEPA. 1999. Estadísticas agropecuarias. Disponible
en http://www.odepa.minagri.gob.cl (Leído 15 agosto 1999).
OTHER NORMS
Scientific names. At first mention of
plants, insects, and pathogens, give the common name and the scientific
name (in italics) and the authorship in brackets in the abstract and text.
Afterward, use the common or scientific name, with the initial of the
genus and species, but when two or more genus names share the same initial,
write them out to avoid confusion. Check nomenclature in a reliable source,
such as the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) database (http://www.ars-grin.gov/~sbmljw/cgi-bin/tax_search.pl).
Chemical products. At the first mention
of herbicides, insecticides, fertilizers, give the technical or generic
name and dosage used, include commercial name, dosage, manufacturer, city,
state, and country between parentheses; thereafter, use only the technical
name.
Soils. At first mention, identify soils
at the series and family level including Soil Taxonomy classification
of USDA.
Equipment and instruments. Equipment
and instruments used in experimental work must be mentioned by their common
name; with trademark, model, manufacturer city, state, and country between
parentheses.
Numbers. One to nine are written out,
except when they include a unit or several numbers are mentioned. Example:
“six irrigations”, “6, 9, and 12 irrigations”,
“8 kg”). Use a zero before the decimal point.
To separate numbers in intervals of one or more years, use the word “to”;
and a hyphen for growing seasons (e.g., Period 2002 to 2005; 1999-2000,
2000-2001 growing seasons).
Measurement units. Results should be
expressed in International System of Units (SI); if other units are used,
they should be in parentheses after the SI unit. It is suggested to use
an exponential form instead of a slash, e.g., kg ha-1.
Abbreviations and symbols save space
and time, but excessive use impedes understanding the text. Some widely-used
and well-known abbreviations such as SI units or chemical elements need
not be defined. All abbreviations should be written out at their first
mention, in abstracts, texts, tables, and figures; afterwards use the
abbreviation consistently. Avoid redefining widely-known variables, such
as N for nitrogen, or DM for dry matter and define only abbreviations
specific to the article.
Use subscripts for modifications, reserving superscripts for power or
table and figure footnotes, e.g., to name variables such as leaf area,
Aleaf instead of ALEAF.
Use the 24-hour time system, with two digits for hours
and two digits for minutes (e.g., 14:30 h instead of 2:30 pm).
Avoid redundancy when indicating the statistical significance of differences
(do not use “significance” in addition to probability). e.g.,
write “stearic acid concentration was higher (P < 0.05) in...
than...”
Do not start a sentence with a number; spell it out and add the SI unit.
Abbreviate SI units preceded by numbers (e.g., 7 kg, 32 d), except at
the beginning of sentences.
Ordinal numbers from first to ninth are spelled out in the text, but can
be abbreviated in tables. Abbreviate higher ordinal numbers (e.g., 12th,
32nd).
Do not use hyphens to indicate inclusion (use 12 to
14 mg or week 3 and 4).
Place a space before and after most mathematical operators (the main exception
is the solid sign for division). Plus and minus signs have no space between
sign and number when used to indicate positive or negative.
Formulae for simple compounds (NaCl) are acceptable. The first letter
of trademarks should be uppercased, without ™ symbols.
Citing references in the text. When a reference has one
or two authors, cite the last name(s) and the year. When the same author(s)
has two references in different years; write them in chronological order
(e.g., Huntington et al., 1988; 1990). When the reference has
three or more authors, use the Latin expression “et al.”
and include the year. For two or more articles using the same within-text
citation, add a distinguishing letter (a, b, c, etc.) to the year in both
text and Literature Cited. When two or more references are included as
a group in the text, they should be in chronological order. Several references
in the same year are in alphabetical order.
Unpublished data, personal communications, and reports not available to
the public in the bibliographic system are not recommended for inclusion.
Cite it as “Personal communication” between parentheses. If
unpublished data belongs to the author, indicate it as “unpublished
data”.
Within-text citation of statistical software must include the reference
between parentheses and in Literature Cited.
See Journal website at http://www.chileanjar.cl
for more extensive instructions.
|
|
