Fine structure of the eggs of blowflies Aldrichina grahami and Chrysomya pacifica ( Diptera : Calliphoridae )

We report here the fine structure of the eggs of blowflies Aldrichina grahami (Aldrich) and Chrysomya pacifica Kurahashi. For A. grahami, the plastron is wide and extends to almost the entire length of the eggs. The plastron near the micropyle is truncated. The polygonal patterns of chorionic sculpture bear a distinct swollen boundary. Regarding C. pacifica, the plastron is narrow and extends to almost the entire length of the eggs. The plastron near the micropyle bifurcates to a Y-shape, but the arms of the ‘Y’ are short. Information presented herein allows some distinctive features to differentiate among eggs of blowfly species. Corresponding author: Kom Sukontason, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. Telephone: (66-53) 945342, Fax: (66-53) 217144. E-mail: ksukonta@mail.med.cmu.ac.th Received: January 16, 2004. In Revised Form: June 15, 2004. Accepted: June 23, 2004. Blowflies are medically important, and their larvae have occasionally been reported as the cause of myiasis in humans and animals (Zumpt, 1965). Today, however they are more important in the area of forensics. Blowfly specimens (eggs, larvae, or pupae) collected in human corpses are being used as entomological evidence in forensic investigations not only to estimate the postmortem interval, but also to analyze any toxic substance involved in the cause of death (e.g., Smith, 1986; Lord, 1990; Goff, 2000; Greenberg and Kunich, 2002). Identification of fly specimens collected from a corpse is primarily needed for use in forensic investigations. The blowfly eggs of many genera are of forensic importance and have been studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in many parts of the world (Kitching, 1976; Greenberg and Szyska, 1984; Erzinclioglu, 1989; Liu and Greenberg, 1989; Greenberg and Singh, 1995; Greenberg and Kunich, 2002). We describe herein, the eggs of two species of blowflies [Aldrichina grahami (Aldrich) and Chrysomya pacifica Kurahashi] which had not been previously investigated, to provide a greater database for blowfly identification. In view of medical importance, A. grahami was a forensically relevant species, due to its presence in pig carcasses (Ma et al., 1997). Chrysomya pacifica was previously identified as Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius), and it was recently separated as C. pacifica, and therefore its biological information is very limited. However, the other blowflies in genus Chrysomya, particularly C. megacephala and Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart), are well known for forensic importance. Chrysomya pacifica may be involved in forensic entomology in the future. The preserved eggs of A. grahami (laboratory-bred Japanese strain) and C. pacifica (laboratory-bred strain from Papua New Guinea) were used in this study. For ̆ SUKONTASON ET AL. Biol Res 37, 2004, 483-487 484 SEM, the eggs were initially washed several times using normal saline solution to remove any attached debris. The specimens were fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde mixed in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at a pH of 7.4 at 4 oC for 24 hr. They were then rinsed twice with PBS at 10-min intervals. The rinsed eggs were then treated with 1 % osmium tetroxide at room temperature for 3 hr for post-fixation. This was followed by rinsing the eggs twice with PBS and dehydrating them with alcohol. To replace water in the eggs with alcohol, the eggs were subjected to increasing concentrations of alcohol as follows: 30 %, 50 %, 70 %, 80 % and 90 %. The eggs remained in each concentration of alcohol for 12 hr during each step of the dehydration process. They were then placed in absolute alcohol for two 12 hr periods followed by acetone for two 12 hr periods. Finally, the eggs were subjected to critical point drying to complete the dehydration process. In order to view the eggs, they were first attached with double-stick tape to aluminum stubs so they could be coated with gold in a sputter-coating apparatus before being viewed with a JEOL-JSM840A scanning electron. Terminology of the fly eggshell followed Margaritis (1985). Blowfly eggs are creamy-white, elongated, and taper at the ends. The eggs of A. grahami are 1.38 ± 0.07 mm in length and 0.36 ± 0.06 mm in width (n = 50). The plastron is wide (0.029 ± 0.011 mm in width) and upright (Fig. 1A, star in Fig. 1C) and extends to almost the entire length of the eggs (Fig. 1A). The plastron near the micropyle is truncated, but does not apparently bifurcate (arrow, Fig. 1B). The polygonal patterns of chorionic sculpture bear a distinct swollen boundary (arrow, Fig. 1C). Regarding C. pacifica, the eggs are 1.54 ± 0.14 mm in length, and 0.37 ± 0.07 mm in width (n = 50). The plastron is narrow (0.009 ± 0.003 mm in width), and extends almost the entire length of the eggs (Fig. 2A). The plastron near the micropyle bifurcates to a Y-shape, but the arms of the ‘Y’ are short (arrow, Fig. 2B). The hatching line along the plastron area is smooth and swollen (star, Fig. 2C). The polygonal lines are faint (arrow, Fig. 2C). Regarding eggs of A. grahami, the wide and upright plastron are similar to those of blowfly species such as Phaenicia (=Lucilia) caeruleiviridis (Macquart), Phaenicia (=Lucilia) illustris (Meigen), and Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Greenberg and Kunich, 2002). The swelling at the polygonal pattern boundary of A. grahami resembles the blowfly egg of Calliphora alpina (Zetterstedt) (Erzinclioglu, 1989), but is markedly different from the faint boundary of L. cuprina (Sukontason, unpublished data of author). Thus, the information presented here allows some distinctive features to differentiate among eggs of calliphorine and luciliine blowfly species. Medically, A. grahami has been claimed to be a necrophagous insect since the larvae usually feed on putrid animal matter (Shinonaga, 1965). Furthermore, fly specimens of this species have also been found in pig carcass, the animal model in forensic entomology experiments conducted in both indoor and outdoor areas in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (Ma et al., 1997). This could point to A. grahami as the forensically relevant fly species. Kurahashi and Chowanadisai (2001) noted that the adult fly is attracted to decaying matter in towns located >1,000 m above sea level in north Vietnam, but it is also very common in the lowlands of Japan (Kurahashi et al., 1984). This species is widely distributed, as it exists in Russia (East Siberia, Far East), Japan, Korea, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Philippines, India, Taiwan, North Vietnam, Pakistan, Australia, and has been accidentally introduced into the USA (California and Hawaii) (Hall, 1948; Hardy, 1981). Although C. pacifica is morphologically similar to the Oriental Latrine Fly C. megacephala, it is currently classified as a separate species by one of the authors (H. Kurahashi). The fine egg structure of C. pacifica in this study provided more evidence to separate the two species. The Y-shape of the plastron near the micropyle of C. pacifica has a short arm (arrow, Fig. 2B), while that of C. megacephala is relatively long (Kitching, 1976; Greenberg and Kunich, 2002). However, the narrow ̆ 485 SUKONTASON ET AL. Biol Res 37, 2004, 483-487 Figure 1. Scanning electron micrographs of the eggshell of Aldrichina grahami (Aldrich). (A) Latero-dorsal view, anterior at left (arrow) and wide plastron area (p) extending to almost the entire length of the egg. Bar = 100 μm. (B) Plastron near the micropyle showing a truncated shape without bifurcations (arrow). Bar = 10 μm. (C) Chorionic sculpture showing polygonal patterns bearing a swelling of the boundary (arrow). Plastron (p) is wide and upright (star). Bar = 10 μm. SUKONTASON ET AL. Biol Res 37, 2004, 483-487 486 Figure 2. Scanning electron micrographs of the eggshell of Chrysomya pacifica Kurahashi. (A) Dorsal view, anterior at left (arrow) and narrow plastron area (p). Bar = 100 μm. (B) Plastron (p) near the micropyle showing bifurcation, but arms of the “Y” are short (arrow). Bar = 10 μm. (C) Smooth and swollen (star) hatching line along the plastron area. Faint polygonal lines (arrow). Bar = 10 μm. 487 SUKONTASON ET AL. Biol Res 37, 2004, 483-487 and extended plastron area of C. pacifica resembles that of many other species of blowflies (e.g. C. megacephala, C. rufifacies, C. albiceps (Wiedemann), C. chloropyga (Wiedemann), C. varipes (Macquart), C. saffranea (Bigot) and Cochliomyia macellaria (F.) (Kitching, 1976; Greenberg and Kunich, 2002). Other biological information on C. pacifica is little known at present. The present study adds to the database of eggs of blowfly species that could be of forensic importance in the future. More research on the bionomics of A. grahami and C. pacifica would then be needed.

Blowflies are medically important, and their larvae have occasionally been reported as the cause of myiasis in humans and animals (Zumpt, 1965).Today, however they are more important in the area of forensics.Blowfly specimens (eggs, larvae, or pupae) collected in human corpses are being used as entomological evidence in forensic investigations not only to estimate the postmortem interval, but also to analyze any toxic substance involved in the cause of death (e.g., Smith, 1986;Lord, 1990;Goff, 2000;Greenberg and Kunich, 2002).
Identification of fly specimens collected from a corpse is primarily needed for use in forensic investigations.The blowfly eggs of many genera are of forensic importance and have been studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in many parts of the world (Kitching, 1976;Greenberg and Szyska, 1984;Erzinclioglu, 1989;Liu and Greenberg, 1989;Greenberg and Singh, 1995;Greenberg and Kunich, 2002).We describe herein, the eggs of two species of blowflies [Aldrichina grahami (Aldrich) and Chrysomya pacifica Kurahashi] which had not been previously investigated, to provide a greater database for blowfly identification.In view of medical importance, A. grahami was a forensically relevant species, due to its presence in pig carcasses (Ma et al., 1997).Chrysomya pacifica was previously identified as Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius), and it was recently separated as C. pacifica, and therefore its biological information is very limited.However, the other blowflies in genus Chrysomya, particularly C. megacephala and Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart), are well known for forensic importance.Chrysomya pacifica may be involved in forensic entomology in the future.
The preserved eggs of A. grahami (laboratory-bred Japanese strain) and C. pacifica (laboratory-bred strain from Papua New Guinea) were used in this study.For ˘ SEM, the eggs were initially washed several times using normal saline solution to remove any attached debris.The specimens were fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde mixed in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at a pH of 7.4 at 4 o C for 24 hr.They were then rinsed twice with PBS at 10-min intervals.The rinsed eggs were then treated with 1 % osmium tetroxide at room temperature for 3 hr for post-fixation.This was followed by rinsing the eggs twice with PBS and dehydrating them with alcohol.To replace water in the eggs with alcohol, the eggs were subjected to increasing concentrations of alcohol as follows: 30 %, 50 %, 70 %, 80 % and 90 %.The eggs remained in each concentration of alcohol for 12 hr during each step of the dehydration process.They were then placed in absolute alcohol for two 12 hr periods followed by acetone for two 12 hr periods.Finally, the eggs were subjected to critical point drying to complete the dehydration process.In order to view the eggs, they were first attached with double-stick tape to aluminum stubs so they could be coated with gold in a sputter-coating apparatus before being viewed with a JEOL-JSM840A scanning electron.Terminology of the fly eggshell followed Margaritis (1985).
Blowfly eggs are creamy-white, elongated, and taper at the ends.The eggs of A. grahami are 1.38 ± 0.07 mm in length and 0.36 ± 0.06 mm in width (n = 50).The plastron is wide (0.029 ± 0.011 mm in width) and upright (Fig. 1A, star in Fig. 1C) and extends to almost the entire length of the eggs (Fig. 1A).The plastron near the micropyle is truncated, but does not apparently bifurcate (arrow, Fig. 1B).The polygonal patterns of chorionic sculpture bear a distinct swollen boundary (arrow, Fig. 1C).Regarding C. pacifica, the eggs are 1.54 ± 0.14 mm in length, and 0.37 ± 0.07 mm in width (n = 50).The plastron is narrow (0.009 ± 0.003 mm in width), and extends almost the entire length of the eggs (Fig. 2A).The plastron near the micropyle bifurcates to a Y-shape, but the arms of the 'Y' are short (arrow, Fig. 2B).The hatching line along the plastron area is smooth and swollen (star, Fig. 2C).The polygonal lines are faint (arrow, Fig. 2C).
Medically, A. grahami has been claimed to be a necrophagous insect since the larvae usually feed on putrid animal matter (Shinonaga, 1965).Furthermore, fly specimens of this species have also been found in pig carcass, the animal model in forensic entomology experiments conducted in both indoor and outdoor areas in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (Ma et al., 1997).This could point to A. grahami as the forensically relevant fly species.Kurahashi and Chowanadisai (2001) noted that the adult fly is attracted to decaying matter in towns located >1,000 m above sea level in north Vietnam, but it is also very common in the lowlands of Japan (Kurahashi et al., 1984).This species is widely distributed, as it exists in Russia (East Siberia, Far East), Japan, Korea, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Philippines, India, Taiwan, North Vietnam, Pakistan, Australia, and has been accidentally introduced into the USA (California and Hawaii) (Hall, 1948;Hardy, 1981).
Although C. pacifica is morphologically similar to the Oriental Latrine Fly C. megacephala, it is currently classified as a separate species by one of the authors (H.Kurahashi).The fine egg structure of C. pacifica in this study provided more evidence to separate the two species.The Y-shape of the plastron near the micropyle of C. pacifica has a short arm (arrow, Fig. 2B), while that of C. megacephala is relatively long (Kitching, 1976;Greenberg and Kunich, 2002).However, the narrow   (Kitching, 1976;Greenberg and Kunich, 2002).Other biological information on C. pacifica is little known at present.
The present study adds to the database of eggs of blowfly species that could be of forensic importance in the future.More research on the bionomics of A. grahami and C. pacifica would then be needed.